동서대학교 동서대학교 디자인대학
홈 일반대학원 디자인학과 한국연구재단 사이트맵 검색
아카이브학위논문박사논문(PhD Theses)

학위논문 Theses and Dissertations

NO.D.2018.08_03

TODI 도구, 아시아 문화 맥락에서의 새로운 공감디자인의 접근 -만성질환을 가진 중국 노인을 중심으로- TODI工具，亚洲文化脉络下的新共识设计 -以患有慢性疾病的中国老人为中心- A TODI Tool, New Empathic Design Approach Under Asian Cultural Context - Focused on the Chinese Elderly With Chronic Disease-

  • Name : 마수원ㅣMA SUWEN
  • Info : 박사학위논문ㅣ博士学位论文ㅣDoctor's thesisㅣ2018.08
  • Adviser : 장주영ㅣ张洲宁ㅣJuyoung Chang
192.168.95.161

초록

최근 디자인연구의 중점은 디자이너에서 사용자 및 이해관계자로 이동하고 있다. 끊임없이 변화하는 환경은 디자이너에게 복잡한 문제를 안겼다. '인간중심'의 이념은 디자인에서 이미 받아들여졌으며, 사람들의 생각과 행위를 이해하는 것은 인간중심 디자인 (human-centered design, HCD)연구의 초점이 되었다. HCD의 새로운 지류로 공감디자인 (empathic design)은 심리학의 공감(empathy)의 개념을 차용으며, 디자이너가 타인의 시각에서 세계를 관찰하여 그들의 욕구를 이해할 수 있도록 하였다. 공감디자인을 1997년 디자인 영역에 도입되었으며, 현재 큰 성공을 거두고 있다. 그러나 현존하는 서양의 공감 디자인 도구는 문화적 배경을 고려하지 않고 있다. 즉 이러한 도구는 모든 사람들에게 보편적으로 적용될 수 있다는 것이다. 선행 연구에서 이미 몇몇 학자들은 같은 도구라 할지라도 다른 문화에서 사용 방식의 차이점을 발견했다. 이는 분 연구자가 문화적 배경을 공감디자인의 토론 출발점으로 여기게 하였다. 선행연구에서 밝힌 바와 같이, 중국의 공감 디자인은 막 걸음마를 뗀 상황이며, 체계적인 도구가 매우 적다. 유가 세계관의 영향 아래, 중국과 여러 아시아 국가들은 타인에 관심을 갖는 문화전통이 있다. 중국의 디자이너는 이러한 점에서 장점이 있을 수 있다. 디자인 과정에서의 설문조사는 디자인의 제안에 영향을 미칠 것이다. 서구 국가의 환경에서 개발된 공감 디자인의 조사 도구는 중국인에게 적합한가? 인구 고령화의 추세 속에서, 만성 질병을 앓고 있는 노인 인구는 빠르게 증가하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 대상에 대한 연구 방법은 상대적으로 결여되어 있다.
선행연구들은 다른 문화배경에서 생활하는 사람들의 행위와 사고에 큰 차이점이 있음을 시사한다. 현재 공감 디자인의 이념과 도구는 서구 국가의 배경에서 만들어진 것이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 서양인과 차이가 있는 중국 만성질환 노인(CECD )에게 다른 공감 디자인 도구를 만드는 것이 필요한가? 라는 질문을 던져본다. 우선 선행연구에 기초하여, 디자인 과정은 2가지로 분류된다 문제정의 단계 (SPI)와 문제해결 단계(SPS)이다. SPI 속에서 발견한 문제는 SPS의 결과에 직접적으로 영향을 끼칠 것이다. 위에서 서술한 문제에 기초하여, 필자는 한 가지 가설을 만들었다. 'SPI에서, 문화에 기반을 둔 CECD를 위한 공감 디자인 도구가 현재 존재하는 일반적인 도구보다 더욱 효율적일까?' 하는 질문이다. 이에 본 연구는 공감 디자인의 조사도구를 CECD에 적용시켰다. 그러나 문화적 차이를 고려할 때, 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제를. '현재의 공감 디자인을 CECD에 적용하는 것이 바람직한가?', 'SPI에서, CECD의 문화배경 요소를 고려한 공감 디자인도구가 훨씬 효율적이지 않을까?' 라는 질문으로 세분화시켰다.
위 두가지 문제에 대해, 본 연구는 우선 CECD의 문화적 차이, 심리, 행위연구에서 중국 만성질환 노인의 요소를 추출한다. 공감 디자인의 분석에서 얻은 연구 요소를 결합하여 SPI단계에서의 CECD의 7가지 요소(직관적 데이터, 심층 감정 경험의 획득, 변환, 신뢰 구축, 탐구성, 참여성, 조작 간편성)를 추론했다, 그리고 SPI 속 일반적으로 사용되는 4가지 조사도구를 선정하여, 7가지 요소로 이들을 평가하였다. 평가결과에 따르면 4가지 조사도구에 모두 결함이 존재하였다. 그리고, SPI속 CECD의 7가지 요소와 공감의 생성과정, 그리고 문헌분석을 바탕으로 새로운 도구인 TODI(Trust-Observe-Discuss-Immerse)를 도출해 냈다. 새로운 도구를 테스트하기 위해, 중국 노인 약품의 포장 디자인 개선 실험을 진행했다. 디자인팀은 4가지 도구 및 TODI를 사용하여 각자 다른 문제점을 찾아냈으며, 이를 바탕으로 다른 디자인을 설계하였다. 125명의 CECD 사용자와 관련자들의 참여로 공개투표가 진행되었으며, TODI를 사용한 디자인이 더욱 많은 투표수를 얻었다. 따라서 위 내용을 긍정적으로 확인할 수 있었다.
본 연구는 문화적 배경을 기반으로 한 공감 디자인의 가능성을 확인하였다. 이는 비서양 국가의 상황에서 공감디자인의 적합성에 이론적 근거를 제시했다. 본 연구는 문화와 디자인 연구의 결합을 탐색했으며, 관련 주제를 위한 연구방법과 사고를 제공했다. 하나의 상대적인 시스템인 공감디자인 도구를 구축하여, CECD디자인 연구의 공백을 메웠다. 이 외에도, 본 연구는 문화적 배경의 관점에서 디자인 연구에 새로운 사고와 방법을 제공했다.

摘要

最近设计研究的重点从设计师转移到使用者及利害关系人。不断变化的环境给设计师带来了复杂的问题。"以人为本"的理念已被设计界接受，理解人们的想法和行为成为以人为本设计(human-centered design, HCD)研究的焦点。作为HCD的新支流，共感设计(empathic design)借用了心理学共感(empathy)的概念，让设计师从他人的视角观察世界，了解他们的诉求。共感设计于1997年引入设计领域，现已取得巨大成功。但是，现存的西方的共感设计工具并没有考虑文化背景。即，这种工具并不是普遍适用于所有人。在先行研究中，已经有几个学者在不同的文化中发现了使用方式的差异。这使研究者将文化背景视为共识设计的讨论出发点。正如前期研究所说，中国的共感设计刚刚起步，体系性工具非常少。在儒家世界观的影响下，中国和其他亚洲国家都有着关注他人的文化传统。中国的设计师在这一点上可能有优点。设计过程中的问卷调查将对设计的提案产生影响。在西欧国家环境下开发的共感设计的调查工具适合中国人吗？在人口老龄化的趋势下，患有慢性疾病的老年人口迅速增加。但是，对这些研究对象的研究方法相对缺乏。
先行研究表明，生活在其他文化背景的人们在行为和思考上存在很大的差异。现在共感设计的理念和工具是在西欧国家的背景下产生的。因此，在本研究中，与西方人有差异的中国慢性疾病老人（CEC）提出是否需要制作其他共感设计工具？首先基于先行研究, 设计过程分为两类。问题定义阶段（SPI）和问题解决阶段（SPS）。在SPI中发现的问题会直接影响SPS的结果。基于上述问题，本研究者作了一个假设 "在SPI中，基于文化的CECD的共感设计工具比现在存在的一般工具更有效吗？" 对此，本研究将共感设计的调查工具应用于CECD。但是考虑到文化差异，本研究中出现了这样的问题。 "把现在的共感设计应用到CECD上是否妥当"、"SPI中，考虑CECD文化背景因素的共感设计工具是否更加有效"等问题进行了细分。
对于以上两个问题，本研究首先从CECD的文化差异、心理、行为研究中提取中国慢性疾病老人的因素。结合共感设计分析得出的研究要素，推论SPI阶段CECD的7个要素（直观数据、深层感情经验的获得、变换、信赖构筑、探索性、真灵性、操作简易性），并选定SPI中一般使用的4个调查工具，用7个要素评价它们。根据评估结果，四种调查工具都存在缺陷。 另外，以SPI中的7个因素和产生共鸣的过程，以及文献分析为基础，研究出了新的工具"TODI(Trust-Observe-Discuss-Immerse)"。为了测试新工具，进行了中国老年药品包装设计的改进试验 设计组使用了4种工具及TODI，各自找出不同的问题，并在此基础上设计了不同的设计。由125名CECD用户和相关人士参与进行公开投票，使用TODI的设计获得了更多的投票数。因此可以肯定地确认以上内容。
本研究证实了以文化背景为基础的共感设计的可能性。这为非西方国家的情况下的共识设计提供了理论依据。本研究探索了文化与设计研究的结合，为相关主题提供了研究方法和思路,构建一个相对系统的共感设计工具，填补了CECD设计研究的空白，除此之外，本研究从文化背景的角度为设计研究提供了新的思考和方法。

Abstract

The focus of current design research has been switched from designers to users and stakeholders. The changing environment brought complex design problems to designers. The concept of ‘human-centered design’ has been accepted by the design research field. How people think and how to understand their behavior have become the focus of human-centered design(HCD) research. As a new branch of HCD, empathic design borrowed the concept of empathy from psychology and claimed that designers could observe the world by standing at the perspective of others and understand real needs of others. Empathic design has produced fruitful research results since it has been introduced in 1997. However, existing Western empathic design tools barely consider cultural background as crucial factors, and Westerner scholars agree those tools could be universally applicable to everyone. Some researchers have noticed differences when appling same tools in different cultures. This inspired me to discuss empathic design research tools from the perspective of cultural background. The research of empathic design in China has just started and thus have very few systematic tools. Under the influence of the holistic world outlook of Confucianism, Chinese and other East Asian are naturally born with a cultural tradition of caring for others. Chinese designers have the advantage of empathic thinking. Does empathic design investigating tool developed in the Western context suit the Chinese? In the trend of aging, the number of Chinese elderly, especially the ones with chronic diseases, are increasing rapidly. However, the design and research methods for them are relatively scarce.
Literature shows the behavioral and thinking difference between peoples who lived in different cultural backgrounds. The current concept and tools of empathic design were created and developed by a Western cultural background. Do we need to adopt different empathic design tools for Chinese elderly with chronic disease (CECD)? Based on the literature review, the design process was divided into two stages: stage of problem identification (SPI) and stage of problem solution (SPS). The problem discovered in the SPI directly affects SPS. Based on the above problem, the target of research is to build new concept of empathic design tool from the perspective of cultural background for CECD in SPI.
This study first tries to extract the elements of Chinese elderly with chronic disease from the cultural differences, the psychological and behavioral research of CECD. Combined with the empathic design research elements derived from empathic design analysis, 7 elements(intuitive data, deep emotional experience, exchange, trust building, exploratory, participatory, operable) in the empathic design for CECD are summarized. 4 commonly used tool in SPI were chosen, and evaluated by 7 elements. The result showed their shortage. Then based on the literature analysis of CECD and the empathy process in SPI, a new tool- TODI (Trust-Observe-Discuss-Immerse) was introduced. A series of design experiments for application of new tool. A design team applied 4 existing tool and TODI separately and generated different design proposals. According to the votes by 125 CECD, the result obtained the most votes and shows better result than it one TODI tool was used.
This research confirms the potential of empathic design in the cultural context. It supports the applicability of empathic design in a non Western context. The research explored the combination of culture and design research which provides research methods and ideas for the related topics. By establishing a relatively systematical tool for empathic design, it fills the gap of design research for CECD. More It provides fresh ideas and methods for the design research from the view of cultural background.

키워드

  • # 공감 디자인 # 문화교차적 맥락 # 노인 # 중국인

  • # 共感设计 # 文化交叉脉络 # 老人 # 中国人

  • # Empathic design # Cross cultural context # Elderly # Chinese

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[Academic Journal]

1. 陳華, 李素雲, 鄒詠偉, 陳清清, 張新華, 張敏,「上海周橋社區老年人患病率調查與分析」, 老年醫學與保健, Vol.19, pp.186-188, 2013.
2. 傅雙喜, 王婷, 韓布新, 施春華,「老年人心理需求狀況及其增齡效應」, 中國老年學雜誌, Vol.31, pp.57-60, 2001.
3. 黃立鶴,「近十年老年人語言衰老現象研究: 回顧與前瞻」, 北京第二外國語學院學報, Vol.10, pp.58-61, 2015.
4. 李德明, 陳天勇,「認知年老化和老年心理健康」, 心理科學進展, Vol.14, pp.560-564, 2006.
5. 李德明,陳天勇,吳振雲,肖俊方,費愛華,汪月峰,周林古,張放,「城市老年人的生活和心理状况及其增龄变化」, 中国老年学杂志,Vol.26, pp.1314-1316, 2006.
6. 王芹, 吳捷, 谷莉, 王雪艷,「有效情緒調節與老年人情感健康研究進展」, 中國老年學雜誌, Vol.35, pp.75-91, 2015.
7. 吳捷, 李幼穗, 王芹,「離退休老年人心理需求狀況」, 中國老年學雜誌,Vol.31, pp.143-146, 2001.
8. 許果, 梅林, 「文化差異與跨文化交際能力的培養」, 重慶大學學報, Vol.8, pp.121-123, 2002.

9. 楊宜音,「關系化還是類別化: 中國人 '我們' 概念形成的社會心理機制探討」, 中國社會科學, Vol.4, pp.148-159, 2008.
10. 姚遠, 陳立新,「老年人人格特征對心理健康的影響研究」, 人口學刊,Vol.152, pp.10-15, 2005.
11. 張佳寧,「移情設計方法在產品設計中的應用」, 包裝工程, Vol.24, pp.44-147. 2015.
12. 張海茹,「680 例老年慢性病人的心理護理』, 遼寧中醫雜誌」, Vol.37, pp.298-299, 2010.

13. 張文娟, 劉瑞平,「中國老年人社會隔離的影響因素分析」, 人口研究, Vol.40, pp.75-77, 2016.
14. Andrea Botero and Sampsa Hyysalo, 「Ageing together: Steps towards evolutionary co-design in everyday practices」, CoDesign, Vol.9, pp.37-54, 2013.
15. Arthur O. Eger, Huub Mulhof, 「Mood boards for their own formative years help students design better for elderly people」, Proceedings of E&PDE 2013, the 15th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education, Dublin, Ireland, Vol.09, pp.5-6, 2013.
16. Bailey, P. E., Henry, J. D., & Von Hippel, W., 「Empathy and social functioning in late adulthood」, Aging and MentalHealth, Vol.12, pp.499-503, 2008.
17. Burςak Altay. 「Developing empathy towards older adults in design」, Educational Gerontology, Vol.43, pp.198-208, 2017.
18. Chonody, J. M., 「Addressing ageism in students: A systematic review of the pedagogical intervention literature」, Gerontology, Vol.41, pp.859-887, 2015.
19. Chung, J., & Joo, J., 「Effect of Empathy on Designers and Non-designers in Concept Evaluation」, Archives of Design Research, Vol.30, pp.57-71, 2017.
20. Dandavate, U., Sanders, E. B. N., & Stuart, S., 「Emotions matter: User empathy in the product development process」, In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 40, pp.415-418, 1996.
21. Devecchi, A., & Guerrini, L., 「Empathy and Design. A new perspective」, The Design Journal, Vol.20, pp.s4357-s4364, 2017.
22. Dorst, K., 「The core of 'design thinking' and its application」, Design studies, Vol.32, pp.521-532, 2011.
23. Dourish, P., 『What we talk about when we talk about context」, Personal and ubiquitous computing, Vol.8, pp.19-30, 2014.
24. Elizabeth, B. N. S., & Dandavate, U., 「Design for Experiencing: New Tools」, In First International Conference on Design and Emotion, TU Delft,1999.
25. Eun-Surk Yi and Hee-Joung Hwang, 「A study on the social behavior and social isolation of the elderly Korea」, Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, Vol.11, pp.125-132, 2015.
26. Fang, X., & Rau, P. L. P., 「Culture differences in design of portal sites」, Ergonomics, Vol.46, p.242, 2003.
27. Frandsen-Thorlacius, O., HornbæK., Hertzum, M., & Clemmensen, T., 「Non-universal usability?: a survey of how usability is understood by Chinese and Danish users」, In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, p.49, 2009.
28. Gallese, Vittorio, and Alvin Goldman, 「Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading」, Trends in cognitive sciences, Vol.12, pp.493-501, 1998.
29. Gao, Ge, 「An initial analysis of the effects of face and concern for other in Chinese interpersonal communication」, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol.22, pp.467-482,1998.
30. Gary R. Weaver, 「American cultural values」, Kokusai bunka kenshu (intercultural training), Special Edition, pp.9-15, 1999.
31. Gaver, B., Dunne, T., & Pacenti, E., 「Design: cultural probes」, Interactions, Vol.6, pp.21-29, 1999.
32. Gong Xianmin, Wang Dahua, 「The Elderly's Positivity Effect in Emotional Memory and Its Underlying Mechanisms」, Advances in Psychological science, Vol.20, pp.1411-1418, 2012.
33. Hawthorn, D., 「Possible implications of aging for interface designers」, Interacting with Computers, Vol.12, pp.507-528, 2000.
34. Hawthorn, D., 「Psychophysical aging and human computer interface design」, Computer Human Interaction Conference, Adelaide, SA, Australia, pp.281-291, 1998.
35. Hayton, J. C., G. George, and S. A. Zahra, 「National Culture and Entrepreneurship: A Review of Behavioral Research」, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Vol.26, pp.33-52, 2002.
36. Helle, T., Iwarsson, S., & Brandt, Å., 「Validation of housing standards addressing accessibility: exploration of an activity-based approach」, Journal of Applied Gerontology, Vol.33, pp.848-869, 2014.
37. Helma van Rijn et., al., 「Three factors for contextmapping in East Asia: Trust, control and nunchi」, CoDesign, Vol.2, pp.157-177, 2006.
38. Helve, J., & Krause, U., 「The influence of age on performance in the Panel-D15 colour vision test」, Acta Opthalmologica, Vol.50, pp.896-901, 1972.
39. Hess, J. L., & Fila, N. D., 『The manifestation of empathy within design: findings from a service-learning course」, CoDesign, Vol.12, pp.93-111, 2016.
40. Ho, D.K. L., Ma, J., & Lee, Y., 「Empathy@design research: a phenomenological study on young people experiencing participatory design for social inclusion」, CoDesign, Vol.7, pp.95-106, 2011.
41. Holt, M., 「The limits of empathy: Utopianism, absorption and theatricality in design」, The Design Journal, Vol.14, pp.151-164, 2011.
42. Honold, P., 「Culture and context: An empirical study for the development of a frame- work for the elicitation of cultural influence in product usage」, International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, Vol.12, pp.327-345, 2000.
43. Hosking, I., Cornish, K., Bradley, M., & Clarkson, P. J., 「Empathic engineering: helping deliver dignity through design」, Journal of medical engineering & technology, Vol.39, pp.388-394, 2015.
44. Hui Xie et al. 「Quality of life in Chinese family caregivers for elderly people with chronic diseases」, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, Vol.14, pp.99-102, 2016.
45. Jääskö￶, V., & Mattelmäki, T., 「Observing and probing』, In Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces, pp. 126-131, ACM, 2001.
46. Klapwijk, R., & Van Doorn, F. 「Contextmapping in primary design and technology education: a fruitful method to develop empathy for and insight in user needs」, International Journal of Technology and Design Education, Vol.25, pp.151-167, 2015.
47. Kouprie, M., & Visser, F. S., 「A framework for empathy in design: stepping into and out of the user's life」, Journal of Engineering Design, Vol.20, pp.437-448, 2009.
48. Lee, J. J., Lee, K. P., 「Facilitating dynamics of focus group interviews in East Asia: Evidence and tools by cross-cultural Study」, International Journal of Design, Vol.3, pp.17-28,2009.
49. Leonard, D., & Rayport, J. F., 「Spark innovation through empathic design」, Harvard business review, Vol.75, pp.102-115,1997.
50. Luh, D. B., Ma, C. H., Hsieh, M.H.,& Huang, C. Y., 「Using the systematic empathic design method for customer-centered products development」, Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science, Vol.16, pp.31-54, 2012.
51. Lu PP, Li HY., 「Study on the differences of the caring demands and abilities of the elderly in different caring modes」, Chinese Gen Pract. Vol.18, p.178, 2015.
52. McDonagh, D., 「Design students foreseeing the unforeseeable: Practice-based empathic research methods」, International Journal of Education Through Art, Vol.11, pp.421-431, 2015.
53. McDonagh, D., & Denton, H., 「Using focus groups to support the designer in the evaluation of existing products: A case study」, The Design Journal, Vol.2, pp.20-31, 1999.
54. McDonagh, D., & Thomas, J,. 「Disability relevant design: Empathic design strategies supporting more effective product design outcomes」, The Design Journal, Vol.13, pp.180-198, 2010.
55. Peng, Huamao, 「Research on Chinese geriatric psychology in the 21st century: present and future」, Psychological development and education, Vol.33, pp. 496-503, 2017.
56. Peter S. Heller, 「Is Asia Prepared for an Aging Population?」, Journal of Social Security Research, Vol.2, pp.67-84, 2006.
57. Marcus, A., West Gould, E., 「Cross currents: Cultural dimensions and global web user-interface design」, ACM Interactions, Vol.7, pp.32-46, 2000.
58. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S., 「Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation」, Psychological review, Vol.98, p.224, 1991.
59. Marian de Souza, 「The empathetic mind: the essence of human spirituality」, International Journal of Children's Spirituality, Vol.19, pp.45-54, 2014.
60. Ma, S. W., & Chang, J. Y., 「Empathy as Tool for Studying Chronic Disease Medicine Package Design for Chinese Elderly」, Journal of Korea society design trend, Vol.56, pp.185-194, 2017.
61. Moliang, Sun Kui, Zhou Zongkui, 「The sadness emotion experience and emotion regulation strategy in the daily interpersonal problems of old people: the role of age and personality traits」, Psychological Science, Vol.35, pp.111-116, 2012.
62. Ortiz, D. V., Cross, S. L., & Day, A., 「Insightful learning of life's lessons with older adult guests in the classroom」, Educational Gerontology, Vol.38, pp.854-866, 2012.
63. Petrakis, P., & Kostis, P., 「Economic growth and cultural change」, The Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol.47, pp.147-157, 2013.
64. Plude, D. J., & Hoyer, W. J., 「Adult age differences in visual search as a function of stimulus mapping and processing load」, The Journal of Gerontology, Vol.36, pp.598-604, 1981.
65. Postma, C. E., Lauche, K., & Stappers, P. J., 「Trialogues: A framework for bridging the gap between people research and design」, In Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces, Vol.16, pp.35-45, 2009.
66. Postma, C., Lauche, K., & Stappers, P. J., 「Social theory as a thinking tool for empathic design」, Design issues, Vol.28, pp.30-49, 2012.
67. Postma, C. E., Zwartkruis-Pelgrim, E., Daemen, E., & Du, J., 「Challenges of doing emphatic design: experiences from industry」, International journal of design, Vol.6, pp.59-70, 2012.
68. Wright, P., Mccarthy, J., 「Empathy and experience in HCI」, In Proceeding of the Twenty-Sixth Annual SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '08. ACM, New York, pp.637-646, 2008.
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71. Rijn, H., Sleeswijk Visser, F., Stappers, P. J., & Özakar, A. D., 「Achieving empathy with users: The effects of different sources of information」, CoDesign, Vol.7, pp.65-77, 2011.
72. Rung-Tai Lin, 「Transforming Taiwan Aboriginal Cultural Features into Modern Product Design: A Case Study of a Cross-cultural Product Design Model」, International Journal of Design, Vol.1, pp.45-53, 2007.
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74. Sanders, E. B.-N., and Dandavate, U., 「Design for experience: New Tools」, In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Design and Emotion, TU Delft, 1999.
75. Sanders, L., 「Exploring co-design on a large scale」, In P. J. Stappers (Chair), Designing for, with and from user experiences. Symposium conducted at the Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, TU/Delft, Delft, The Netherlands, 2009.
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77. Sharrock, W., & Randall, D., 「Ethnography, ethnomethodology and the problem of generalization in design」, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol.13, pp.186-194, 2004.
78. Shi, Qingxin, 「A field study of the relationship and communication between Chinese evaluators and users in thinking aloud usability tests」, The 5th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: building bridges, ACM, 2008.
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[Websites]

1. Jefferson, A Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE), http://www.jefferson.edu/university/skmc/research/research-medical-education/jefferson-scale-of-e mpathy.html, 2018.
2. OXO, Good Grips kitchenware designed by OXO international, https://www.oxo.com/our-roots, 2018.
3. National Bureau of Statistics, The statistics data of Chinese elderly, http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/, 2018.

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